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A high-strength microalloyed rare-earth cast steel. The chemical components of the cast steel mainly comprise C, Si, Mn, Nb, Ti, Re, La, Ce, P, S, Fe, and trace impurity elements. The mass percentage contents of C, Si, Mn, Nb, Ti, Re, P, and S are respectively as follows : C : 0.20%-0.25%; Si : 0.80%-0.90%; Mn : 1.17%-1.49%; Nb : 0.01%-0.08%; Ti : 0.05-0.12%; Re : 0.02%-0.22%; La : 0.01%-0.14%; Ce : 0.01%-0.19%; P≤0.045%; and S≤0.020%. The total content of Nb, Ti, La, and Ce is less than or equal to 0.6%. The cast steel has the advantages that the the yield strength and tensile strength of the microalloyed rare-earth cast steel are clearly enhanced while plasticity and toughness are not obviously lowered. Compared with ordinary 35SiMn steel, the yield strength of the microalloyed rare-earth cast steel can be improved by more than 60 MPa, and the tensile strength thereof can be improved by more than 95 MPa.