Controlled synthesis of bright and compatible lanthanide-doped upconverting nanocrystals

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Certain nanocrystals possess exceptional optical properties that may make them valuable probes for biological imaging, but rendering these nanoparticles biocompatible requires that they be small enough not to perturb cellular systems. This invention describes a phosphorescent upconverting sub-10 nm nanoparticle comprising a lanthanide-doped hexagonal β-phase NaYF4 nanocrystal and methods for making the same.