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The present invention provides a polypeptide specifically bonding rare earth nanoparticles and use thereof. The polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 or analogues thereof. The present invention also provides a method for screening a polypeptide having the capacity of specifically bonding rare earth nanoparticles. The present invention further provides a method for regulating and controlling the autophagy and toxicity in vivo and in vitro of the rare earth upconversion nanophosphor material. The method comprises mixing and incubating the polypeptides specifically bonding rare earth nanoparticles and the rare earth upconversion nanophosphor material, such that the polypeptide specifically bonds the nano material, wherein the rare earth upconversion nanophosphor material comprises the rare earth, and the polypeptide specifically bonding rare earth nanoparticles comprises an amino acid sequence shown by CTARSPWIC (RE-0, SEQ ID NO : 1) or analogues thereof.