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According to an embodiment of the present invention, a system for measuring a level of radiation and the strain intensity of a structure based on an optical fiber, the system comprising : an optical fiber which forms a path; a rare earth-added fiber which occupies a partial section of the optical fiber; an optical detector which detects part of signal slight transmitted from the rare earth-added fiber to measure the strength of the signal light by wavelength; and a single-mode fiber which is connected to the optical detector individually of the optical fiber and has an optical fiber grid for measuring the strain intensity of a structure. Therefore, a level of radiation can be measured by reducing signal light in the rare earth-added fiber, and the strain intensity of a structure can be measured by the peak wavelength shift of the wavelength signal of the single-mode fiber at the same time. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a long-distance transmission loss of measured signal light can be reduced while enabling stable measurement without interference for electromagnetic fields in the external environment, thereby simultaneously measuring and monitoring a level of radiation and the strain intensity of a structure in a danger zone from a safe remote place.