Water soluble luminescent nanoparticles

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A particle of a compound of the formula : Xa(YOb)c wherein X is a rare earth metal or a metal of Group IIA, IIB, IVB or VB of the Periodic Table, or a mixture of two or more thereof, Y is a metal which forms an anion with oxygen, or a mixture of two or more thereof, and a, b and c are such that the compound is stoichiometric, the particle having a size less than 100 nm is disclosed. It can be used in, for example, security marking and biotagging.