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The present invention relates to a surface modification method using hydrophobic ceramic powder having a core-shell structure. More specifically, the surface modification method using hydrophobic ceramic powder is performed by coating rare earth oxides (for example, Y_2O_3) having hydrophobic properties on ceramic powder (for example, SiO_2, Al_2O_3) through atomic layer deposition (ALD) to synthesize functional composite powder having a core-shell structure and forming a hydrophobic ceramic film on a target surface based on a spray coating method by using the synthesized functional composite powder. Therefore, the present invention imparts high hydrophobic properties to the surface of a target surface in an efficient and economical method in which the use amount of expensive rare earth oxides is minimized, enables the hydrophobic properties to be maintained at a high temperature, and allows the corresponding film to have excellent hardness and durability.