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The disclosure relates to a method for predicting contents of cerium, praseodymium and neodymium components based on virtual samples and a system thereof. The method comprises : obtaining mixed solution of cerium, praseodymium and neodymium in a rare earth extraction process; extracting an H, an S, and an I color feature of a preprocessed image in an HSI color space to obtain an original data sample; constructing a stochastic configuration network model of the content of neodymium component; performing linear midpoint interpolation on the stochastic configuration network model to obtain virtual data samples; fusing original data samples and virtual data samples; reconstructing stochastic configuration network model by using fused data samples; determining content of neodymium component according to reconstructed stochastic configuration network model; and determining contents of cerium and praseodymium according to the content of neodymium component. The disclosure improves accuracy of multi-component prediction in the rare earth extraction process.