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The present invention relates to a non-invasive near-infrared-light-controlled nanomaterial for treating diabetes, and sets forth a use of an upconversion fluorescence nanomaterial in preparing a tool for treating diabetes. The upconversion fluorescence nanomaterial comprises a rare-earth-element-doped inorganic nanomaterial, a hepatocyte-targeting molecule, and a water-soluble macromolecule. Disclosed is a new use of a non-invasive upconversion fluorescence nanomaterial. During diabetes treatment, without needing to surgically implant an invasive optical fiber into an animal, a near-infrared light having high tissue penetration is used to excite an in vivo upconversion nanomaterial, and the upconversion material is used to convert light in the near-infrared band into visible light, thereby activating a light-sensitive protein, realizing remote control of signal pathways related to glucose metabolism in cells under the condition of high time-spatial resolution without relying on insulin, promoting glycogen synthesis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, and lowering the blood sugar level.