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There are provided processes for recovering at least one rare earth element and/or at least one rare metal chosen from In, Zr, Li and Ga from an aluminum-bearing material. The processes comprise : leaching the material with HCI so as to obtain a leachate comprising at least one aluminum ion, at least one iron ion, the at least one rare earth element and/or the at least one rare metal, and a solid, and separating the leachate from the solid; substantially selectively removing the at least one aluminum ion from the leachate; substantially selectively at least partially removing the at least one iron ion; and substantially selectively removing the at least one rare earth element and/or the at least one rare metal.