PD-1 antagonists and methods of use thereof

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(57) Abstract : Compositions and methods for enhancing and/or prolonging the activation of T cells (i.e., increasing antigenspecific proliferation of T cells, enhancing cytokine production by T cells, stimulating differentiation ad effector functions of T cells and/or promoting T cell survival) or overcoming T cell exhaustion and/or anergy are provided. Suitable compositions include PDI receptor antagonists that bind to and block the endogenous PD-I receptor without triggering inhibitory signals from PD-I, or bind to and block PD-I receptor ligands and preventing them from interacting with PD-I receptors. Methods for using the PD-I re- in in