ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIALS AND COATINGS

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Durable antimicrobial coatings which may be deposited on a substrate, and method and apparatus for producing them. Such coatings can include a plurality of particles which adhere to the substrate and/or other particles. The particles can be provided using a single-sided electrode arrangement, which is configured to produce an electrical arc or discharge at one end of an electrode and to emit the particles from the electrode, where the arc or discharge can be produced without the end of the electrode being in proximity to a grounded object. The particles can be provided as one or more layers of nanoscale particles having an average size of less than about 1000 nm, 800 nm, 500 nm, or 200 nm. Such coatings can have a thickness that is less than about 1000 nm, 800 nm, 500 nm, or 250 nm. Thicker coatings may also be provided. The coatings may preferably include silver, tungsten, noble metals, nonstoichiometric compounds including ceramics, other metals including rare earth metals and compounds thereof, and combinations thereof. Such coatings may be resistant to removal from the substrate and can exhibit antimicrobial properties, e.g., they may kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and other microbes.