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A method of utilizing the physiological activity of a rare saccharide characterized in that physiological activity-sensitive cells are treated with the rare saccharide to modify the function of the cells; and a composition containing a rare saccharide as the active ingredient which has an effect of introducing the rare saccharide into physiological activity-sensitive cells to thereby modify the function of the cells. The above-described cells are human cells. The above-described composition is a functional food, a drug or a cosmetic. The above-described rare saccharide is a rare saccharide belonging to aldoses and/or ketoses. The above-described aldose is D-allose and the above-described cells are selected from the group consisting of cancer cell proliferation inhibitory activity-sensitive cells and active oxygen production inhibitory activity-sensitive cells. The above-described ketose is D-psicose and the above-described cells are selected from the group consisting of chemokine secretion inhibitory activity-sensitive cells, microglia migration inhibitory activity-sensitive cells and hypoglycemic activity-sensitive cells.© KIPO & WIPO 2009