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Embodiments of the present invention disclose a reference signal transmission method and an apparatus, where the method includes : receiving reference signal resource configuration information sent by a base station, where the reference signal resource configuration information includes antenna port quantity information and a resource configuration index; determining a reference signal configuration from a reference signal configuration set according to the antenna port quantity information and the resource configuration index, where REs that are used to send reference signals on antenna ports in at least two antenna port subsets included in an antenna port set corresponding to the reference signal configuration are located in different resource block RB pairs; obtaining, according to the determined reference signal configuration, positions of the resource elements REs that are used to send the reference signal on the antenna ports in the antenna port set; and receiving reference signals according to the positions of the REs. The present invention is applicable to sending of reference signals in an LTE system.