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The present invention provides a rare earth doped bismuth germanate single crystal optical fiber, comprising two parts : an external cladding and an internal fiber core. The fiber core has a Bi4Ge3O12 single crystal structure doped with a certain concentration of rare earth ions. The cladding has a Bi4Ge3O12 structure. The raw materials used for preparing the fiber core include rare earth ion oxides, Bi2O3 and GeO2, wherein the molar ratio of Bi2O3 to GeO2 is 1-2 : 3-4. Provided in the present invention is a two-layer structure, comprising two parts : an external cladding and an internal fiber core. The external cladding uses a glass structure prepared by Bi4Ge3O12, and the internal fiber core is a Bi4Ge3O12 single crystal structure doped with rare earth ions. Further provided is a preparation method for said optical fiber. Compared with the prior art, the prepared optical fiber has a more efficient laser output and a higher power.