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Provided are a method for recovering phosphorus and a rare earth from a rare earth-containing phosphate ore, and a substance containing a rare earth phosphate. The method comprises : step S1, leaching the rare earth phosphate ore by using a solution containing phosphoric acid, to obtain an acid-leached residue and a leachate; and step S2, subjecting the leachate to an ageing treatment so as to obtain a rare earth phosphate precipitate. The reaction temperature of step S2 is higher than the reaction temperature of step S1. The rare earth phosphate ore is acid leached by using a solution containing phosphoric acid at a relatively low reaction temperature, and then the leachate is subjected to an ageing treatment at a relatively high temperature, such that the rare earth ions form a rare earth phosphate precipitate, thereby achieving the efficient separation and recovery of the rare earth and phosphorus.