Permanent magnet, motor, generator, and automobile

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A permanent magnet includes : a composition expressed by a composition formula : R p Fe q M r Cu t Co 100-p-q-r-t (R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, 10.5 ‰¤ p ‰¤ 12.5 at%, 23 ‰¤ q ‰¤ 40 at%, 0.88 ‰¤ r ‰¤ 4.5 at%, 4.5 ‰¤ t ‰¤ 10.7 at%); and a metal structure containing a Th 2 Zn 17 crystal phase and a Cu-rich phase having a Cu concentration higher than that of the Th 2 Zn 17 crystal phase. In a cross section including a c-axis of the Th 2 Zn 17 crystal phase, a number of intersections of the Cu-rich phases existing in an area of 1 µm square is 10 or more.