Improvements in or relating to detection of substances in a subject

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A breath test to determine the blood concentration of a drug, pharmaceutical or narcotic etc. in a human or animal comprises analysing exhaled breath with respect to carbon dioxide (CO2) with different isotopes, wherein the drug has been labelled with at least one rare isotope of carbon or oxygen. The presence of the drug in the bloodstream of a subject is preferably detected by infrared spectroscopy of a sample of the expired breath of a subject. Also shown is the apparatus for performing the breath test analysis and an application of the apparatus which is incorporated in a vehicle as a safety feature to prevent ignition if the blood concentration of the drug is not as expected.