Article comprising a multichannel optical amplified transmission system with functional upgrade capa

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A universal inline functional module for operation with nonzero average gain G≠0dB over a bandwidth is provided. The module includes at least one optical functional element producing loss over the bandwidth and at least one rare-earth doped fiber segment. The module produces a flat gain spectrum to within a specified tolerance when made to operate at an average gain of 0 dB over the bandwidth.