High temperature superconductors having planar magnetic flux pinning centers and methods for making

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Superconductor wires or layers having improved properties and methods for making the same are described. The superconducting layer includes a rare earth element—alkaline earth element—transition metal oxide having an average stacking fault density that is greater than about 0.01 nm−1, wherein two or more rare earth cations form the rare earth element. To form the superconductor layer of the present invention, a layer having a rare earth element—alkaline earth element—transition metal oxide substantially in a first crystal structure can be provided to a substrate where two or more rare earth cations form the rare earth element. The layer can then be heated at a temperature that is greater than 550° C. under oxidizing conditions to form a high-temperature superconducting layer substantially in a second crystal structure.