Thermal shock resistant ceramic composites

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The disclosed technology relates to a ceramic composite which is able to withstand temperatures in excess of 2200° F. on a repeated basis without cracking due to thermal shock. The composite may comprise a web of reinforcement fibers; and a matrix that substantially embeds the web. The composite may be formed by impregnating the web with a sol containing alumina and, in some cases, rare earth oxides, and firing the impregnated web. The web may be a three-dimensional orthogonal weave of the reinforcement fibers. The fibers may comprise a transitional phase alumina. The composite may be essentially free of Group I and Group II metals and transition metal oxides. The composite may be used as a refractory brick or lining and may also be used as an insulating material due to its chemically non-reactive nature.